1. Definition and functions of weather stations
Weather Station is an environmental monitoring system based on automation technology, which can collect, process and transmit atmospheric environmental data in real time. As the infrastructure of modern meteorological observation, its core functions include:
Data acquisition: Continuously record temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, light intensity and other core meteorological parameters
Data processing: Data calibration and quality control via built-in algorithms
Information transmission: Support 4G/5G, satellite communication and other multi-mode data transmission
Disaster warning: Extreme weather thresholds trigger instant alerts
Second, the system technical architecture
Sensing layer
Temperature sensor: Platinum resistance PT100 (accuracy ±0.1℃)
Humidity sensor: Capacitive probe (range 0-100%RH)
Anemometer: Ultrasonic 3D wind measurement system (resolution 0.1m/s)
Precipitation monitoring: Tipping bucket rain gauge (resolution 0.2mm)
Radiation measurement: Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor
Data layer
Edge Computing Gateway: Powered by ARM Cortex-A53 processor
Storage system: Support SD card local storage (maximum 512GB)
Time calibration: GPS/ Beidou dual-mode timing (accuracy ±10ms)
Energy system
Dual power solution: 60W solar panel + lithium iron phosphate battery (-40℃ low temperature condition)
Power management: Dynamic sleep technology (standby power <0.5W)
Third, industry application scenarios
1. Smart Farming Practices (Dutch Greenhouse Cluster)
Deployment plan: Deploy 1 micro-weather station per 500㎡ greenhouse
Data application:
Dew warning: automatic start of circulation fan when humidity >85%
Light and heat accumulation: calculation of effective accumulated temperature (GDD) to guide harvesting
Precision irrigation: Control of water and fertilizer system based on evapotranspiration (ET)
Benefit data: Water saving 35%, downy mildew incidence reduced 62%
2. Airport Low-level Wind Shear Warning (Hong Kong International Airport)
Networking scheme: 8 gradient wind observation towers around the runway
Early warning algorithm:
Horizontal wind change: wind speed change ≥15kt within 5 seconds
Vertical wind cutting: wind speed difference at 30m altitude ≥10m/s
Response mechanism: Automatically triggers the tower alarm and guides the go-around
3. Efficiency optimization of photovoltaic power station (Ningxia 200MW Power Station)
Monitoring parameters:
Component temperature (backplane infrared monitoring)
Horizontal/inclined plane radiation
Dust deposition index
Intelligent regulation:
The output decreases by 0.45% for every 1℃ increase in temperature
Automatic cleaning is triggered when the dust accumulation reaches 5%
4. Study on Urban Heat Island Effect (Shenzhen Urban Grid)
Observation network: 500 micro-stations form a 1km×1km grid
Data analysis:
Cooling effect of green space: average reduction of 2.8℃
Building density is positively correlated with temperature rise (R²=0.73)
Influence of road materials: temperature difference of asphalt pavement during the day reaches 12℃
4. Direction of technological evolution
Multi-source data fusion
Laser radar wind field scanning
Temperature and humidity profile of microwave radiometer
Satellite cloud image real-time correction
Ai-enhanced application
LSTM neural network precipitation forecast (improved accuracy by 23%)
Three-dimensional atmospheric diffusion Model (Chemical Park Leakage Simulation)
New type sensor
Quantum gravimeter (pressure measurement accuracy 0.01hPa)
Terahertz wave precipitation particle spectrum analysis
V. Typical case: Mountain flood warning system in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River
Deployment architecture:
83 automatic weather stations (mountain gradient deployment)
Water level monitoring at 12 hydrographic stations
Radar echo assimilation system
Early warning model:
Flash flood index = 0.3×1h rain intensity + 0.2× soil moisture content + 0.5× topographic index
Response effectiveness:
Warning lead increased from 45 minutes to 2.5 hours
In 2022, we successfully warned seven dangerous situations
Casualties were down 76 per cent year-on-year
Conclusion
Modern weather stations have developed from single observation equipment to intelligent iot nodes, and their data value is being deeply released through machine learning, digital twin and other technologies. With the development of the WMO Global Observing System (WIGOS), the high-density and high-precision meteorological monitoring network will become the core infrastructure to address climate change and provide key decision support for sustainable human development
Post time: Feb-17-2025